Description
Considerable research exists on the usability of authentication factors in IT. However, industrial applications remain almost entirely
unexplored. Findings from IT environments may not transfer well to industrial use due to protective equipment or unique environmental
conditions. These factors motivated the testbed we previously proposed. We conduct a systematic literature review of System Usability
Scale (SUS) scores across 12 authentication methods. These include password, fingerprint, RFID, and FIDO2, and together establish the
first cross-factor reference baseline. This reveals critical gaps in research on some authentication factors, most notably RFID and
PIN authentication.
To complement SUS-based usability evaluations, we define a set of quantitative metrics for efficiency and effectiveness. Based on this work,
we propose a within-subject study design. We perform an a priori power analysis to determine sample size. Further, we propose concrete test
scenarios that embed authentication within realistic production tasks. Together, these contributions provide the methodological foundation
for the first systematic evaluation of authentication usability in an industrial environment.
Index Terms — Usability, Testbed, Authentication, Industry 4.0, OT Security
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Thesis topic in co-operation with the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied and Integrated Security AISEC, Garching